PRIMARY AND SECONDARY SOURCES
Familiarizing primary and secondary sources of information is essential in information gathering; thus this plays a huge role in research and other academic works. Let’s see how the two differ:
PRIMARY SOURCES | SECONDARY SOURCES | |||
Definition | · Materials that contain first-hand testimony · Direct evidence or an eyewitness account of a topic or event · Contemporary accounts, produced at the time or place under investigation · No outside interpretation or analysis | Definition | · Materials first reported or written in other sources · When the ideas of one author are published in another author’s text but you have not read or accessed the original author’s work. | |
Examples | Examples | |||
Personal Correspondence | Letters, diaries, emails, social media posts | · | · journal articles that comment on or analyze research · textbooks · dictionaries and encyclopedias · books that interpret, analyze · political commentary · biographies · dissertations · newspaper editorial/opinion pieces · criticism of literature, art works or music | |
News Media | newspaper articles, radio and television broadcasts created at the time of the event | |||
Ephemera | posters, pamphlets, flyers, coupons, advertisements | |||
Artistic Expressions | Paintings, sculptures, photographs, objets d'art, performances | |||
Archival Material | Manuscripts, public records, documents held in archival collections | |||
Original Texts | · Texts produced during the time under investigation eg: writings of ancient authors: Homer, Plutarch etc. · Scripture or religious texts: Bible, Qur'an etc. · books written by important thinkers or scholars who are themselves the subject of research: Books or articles written by Freud, Malthus, McLuhan etc. | |||
Government Documents | Policy statements, legislation, debates or proceedings | |||
Raw Data | datasets without analysis | |||
Now, observe how the primary source can become a secondary source.
PRIMARY | SECONDARY |
Artwork | Article critiquing someone’s artwork |
The artwork is primary because it is an output that originates directly from the artist. However, when someone writes about the artwork to criticize or analyze it, such article is a secondary source that talks about the artwork; hence the artwork being the original source used by the writer. | |
Interview | Biography |
To do an interview means to get information straight from the person interviewed; thus it is original and therefore a primary source. Once the information from the interview is used to write about the life of the person interviewed – that is writing a biography – that now is considered a secondary source. | |
In evaluating primary or secondary sources, you might want to ask the following questions to help you determine what type of source the material is.
· How does the author know these details (names, dates, times)? Was the author present at the event or soon on the scene? · Where does this information come from—personal experience, eyewitness accounts, or reports written by others? · Are the author's conclusions based on a single piece of evidence, or have many sources been taken into account (e.g., diary entries, along with third-party eyewitness accounts, impressions of contemporaries, newspaper accounts)? |
CITATION
It is a way to tell people, particularly your readers that some ideas used in your work came from someone. An important lesson taught by citation is to honor the thoughts of great minds other than yours.
There are two types of citations: In-text and reference citations.
In-text Citation:
This appears throughout your paper, mostly at the end of a sentence you are citing. This tells your reader where you found the information used to come up with a particular idea or to support your idea.
There are two types of in-text citation.
1. Parenthetical
– When the citation is found at the end of the cited idea.
Body image issues have been widely associated with social media usage, particularly in young women (Perloff, 2014). |
2. Narrative
– When the citation is naturally integrated into the sentence.
Perloff (2014) found that body image issues have been widely associated with social media usage, particularly in young women. |
Reference List Citation:
This is a list of sources arranged alphabetically found at the end of your paper.
- FONT: Times New Roman 12
- SPACING: 2
- INDENTION: Hanging
- MARGIN: 1 inch
- PAPER SIZE: 8.5 x 11 (short)
References Barnet, S., Bellanca, P., & Stubbs, M. (2013). A short guide to college writing. Pearson Education. Caron Teaching, 56(3), 137-139. https://doi.org/10.3200/CTCH.56.3.137-139 Caron, T. (2010, August 7). Teaching writing as a con-artist: When is a writing problem not? Taylor & Francis Online. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3200/CTCH.56.3.137-139 College, S. C. (2010). Educating academic writing skills in engineering. In P. Dondon & O. Martin (Eds.), Latest trends on engineering education (pp. 225-247). WSEAS Press. Drew, S., & Bingham, R. (2010). The guide to learning and study skills: For higher education and at work. Gower. Löfström, E. (2011). "Does plagiarism mean anything? LOL.” Students’ conceptions of writing and citing. Journal of Academic Ethics, 9(4), 257-275. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10805-011-9145-0 Oshima, A., & Hogue, A. (2007). Introduction to writing. Pearson/Longman. Rose, J. (2007). The mature student's guide to writing. Palgrave Macmillan. Soles, D., & Soles, D. (2005). The academic essay: How to plan, draft, revise, and write essays. Studymates. Turner, K., Krenus, B., Ireland, L., & Pointon, L. (2011). Essential academic skills. Oxford University Press. |
APA CITATION
There different types of citation styles; the most common are: APA, MLA and Chicago Style. APA stands for American Psychological Association. This type of citation is mostly used for social sciences, like psychology, anthropology, sociology, as well as education and other fields.
This is using APA 7th edition.
So how exactly are we to use APA?
IN-TEXT CITATION
: Here’s how to use APA for IN-TEXT CITATION (PRIMARY SOURCE). |
ELEMENTS | PARENTHETICAL | NARRATIVE |
One author | (Cogtas, 2020) | Cogtas (2020) |
Two authors | (Cogtas & Sentillas, 2020) | Cogtas and Sentillas (2020) |
Three or more authors | (Cogtas et al., 2020) | Cogtas et al. (2020) |
Group authors | (Scribber, 2020) | Scribbr (2020) |
Abbreviated Group author | ||
· First citation | (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2020) | Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC, 2020) |
· Subsequent citations | (CDC, 2020) | CDC (2020) |
No date | (Cogtas, n.d.) | Cogtas (n.d.) |
: Here’s how to use APA for IN-TEXT CITATION (SECONDARY SOURCE). |
In instances where you can’t find the original source, you can use the secondary source. Here’s how to cite it.
(Parker, 1978, as cited in Bloom et al., 2017) |
This means that Parker is the original source which ideas were found in the secondary source, Bloom et al.
Now, if the publication date of the primary source is not found, include only the publication date of the secondary source.
Porter (as cited in Johnson, 2017) states that… |
REFERENCE LIST CITATION
: Here’s how to use APA for BOOKS |
Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of work: Capital letter also for subtitle. Publisher Name. DOI (if available)
NOTE: The title of the work should be in Italics.
This is the basic format for books.
Stoneman, R. (2008). Alexander the Great: A life in legend. Yale University Press. |
For edited books with no author use the editors’ names instead.
Leitch, M. G., & Rushton, C. J. (Eds.). (2019). A new companion to Malory. D. S. Brewer. |
: Here’s how to use APA for ENTRY IN A DICTIONARY, THESAURUS, OR ENCYCLOPEDIA WITH A GROUP AUTHOR |
Institution or organization name. (Year). Title of entry. In Title of reference work (edition, page numbers). Publisher name.
NOTE: The title of the dictionary, thesaurus or encylopedia should be in Italics.
Merriam-Webster, Incorporated. (1997). Goat. In Merriam Webster’s collegiate dictionary (10th ed., pp. 499-500). Merriam-Webster, Incorporated. |
“Title of entry” refers to the word you tried to locate if it is a dictionary; it is the topic if you are using an encyclopedia.
: Here’s how to use APA for ARTICLE IN ELECTRONIC JOURNAL |
Author, C. (Year). Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume number(issue number), pages. https://doi.org/xx.xxx/yyyy
NOTE: The title of the periodical should be in Italics.
Denny, H., Nordlof, J., & Salem, L. (2018). "Tell me exactly what it was that I was doing that was so bad": Understanding the needs and expectations of working-class students in writing centers. Writing Center Journal, 37(1), 67–98. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26537363 |
In the absence of a DOI use the article URL instead.
: Here’s how to use APA for ARTICLE IN ONLINE MAGAZINES AND NEWSPAPERS |
Author, C. (Year). Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume number (issue number), article URL
NOTE: The title of the periodical, magazine or newspaper should be in Italics.
Malinao, M.R. (2021, August 21). Carbon market to close every Sunday for disinfection. The Freeman. https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2021/08/21/2121601/carbon-market-close-every-sunday-disinfection |
: Here’s how to use APA for ARTICLE for WEBPAGE OR PIECE OF ONLINE CONTENT |
Lastname, F. M. (Year, Month Date). Title of page/article. Site name. URLE CONTENT
NOTE: The title of the page/article should be in Italics.
Grima, B. (2019, September 30). A 60,000-year-old cure for depression. BBC. http://www.bbc.com/travel/story/20190929-a-60000-year-old-cure-for-depression |
Primary Sources https://guelphhumber.libguides.com/c.php?g=225183&p=1492137
APA Citations (7th ed.): Secondary Sources https://morningside.libguides.com/APA7/secondary_sources
APA 7th referencing style https://guides.library.uq.edu.au/referencing/apa7/indirect-cite
Reference List: Other Print Sources https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_formatting_and_style_guide/reference_list_other_print_sources.html
Primary and secondary sources https://www.library.unsw.edu.au/study/information-resources/primary-and-secondary-sources
Primary Sources: A Research Guide https://umb.libguides.com/PrimarySources/secondary
Distinguish Between Primary and Secondary Sources https://guides.library.ucsc.edu/primarysecondary
Using Sources: Evaluating Sources and Avoiding Plagiarism https://libguides.nvcc.edu/c.php?g=361391&p=2440254
Two Types of Citation https://kpu.pressbooks.pub/apastyle/chapter/two-types-of-citation/
Teaching Primary and Secondary Sources file:///C:/Users/Acer/Downloads/ElementaryLP_PrimarySecondarySources_Web.pdf
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