TYPES OF EVIDENCE USED IN ARGUMENTATIVE TEXTS

In reading and writing, strong arguments are built on evidence. However, not all evidence carries the same weight or serves the same purpose. Some evidence is based on facts, while others come from opinions, experiences, or expert claims.

TYPES OF EVIDENCE BY SOURCE

Not all evidence has the same strength. Some evidence is highly reliable because it is based on data or verified sources, while others are weaker because they are based on opinions or personal experiences. 

Type of Evidence	Most Effective Way to Use It in an Argument	Best Use in Writing
Self-evidence Generally accepted facts or widely known truths	Use as a foundation or starting point to build an argument	Opening statements, background information, establishing common understanding
Anecdotal evidence Personal stories or experiences	Use to make ideas relatable and emotionally engaging, but not as main proof	Supporting examples, introductions, illustrations of a point
Authority evidence Claims from experts or credible organizations	Use to strengthen credibility and support claims with trusted voices	Supporting arguments, reinforcing claims, validating ideas
Empirical evidence Data, research, observation, or experiments	Use as the strongest support for proving claims and convincing readers	Main supporting evidence in arguments, research-based justification

 

The Structure of Argumentative Texts

 Informational texts like argumentative texts are organized in a clear way to help writers present and support their ideas effectively. They usually begin with a claim, followed by reasons and evidence that support the claim. Some texts also include a counterclaim to show an opposing view, and end with a conclusion that restates the main idea and strengthens the argument.

This structure helps readers easily understand the writer’s position and follow how the argument is developed.

HOW IDEAS ARE DEVELOPED IN ARGUMENTATIVE TEXTS

Argumentative texts develop ideas by presenting important points, supporting them with details, and connecting them to real-world issues. Understanding how these elements work together helps readers follow the writer’s reasoning and recognize why the argument matters in society.

The Sender's Voice in Transactional Texts

 Writers make intentional choices in how they express themselves in letters. These choices shape how a message is received and understood by the reader. 

In transactional communication, this is known as the SENDER’S VOICE, which includes diction, style, tone and register, point of view, and sentence structure.	Letters use tone and style to sound appropriate  Letters follow clear structure and organization  Writers use word choice and sentence structure to communicate meaning All these are already being talked about in the previous lessons and units. Could you recall what they are?
What makes a letter clear, appropriate, and effective for its reader?

Structure of a Formal Correspondence

 Here are the parts of a formal letter using the context of a transactional text particularly a letter of complaint.

Aside from the parts of a letter, writers also follow different LETTER FORMAT STYLES to organize how a letter looks on the page. These format styles affect the alignment of text, paragraph structure, and overall presentation of the message.

Different situations require different formats. Formal letters usually follow structured and professional layouts, while informal letters may use more relaxed and traditional styles. Understanding these formats helps writers present their messages clearly, appropriately, and in a way that matches their purpose and audience.

Format Style	Description	Key Feature	Types of Letters Used	Role / Purpose of the Format
Block Style	All parts of the letter are aligned to the left margin	No indentation; clean, straight layout	Formal letters (complaints, business letters, applications, requests)	Ensures clarity, professionalism, and easy reading in official communication
Semi-Block Style	Paragraphs are indented, but other parts are left-aligned	Mix of block alignment and indentation	Formal and semi-formal letters	Balances readability and traditional formatting; still professional but less rigid
Indented Style	First line of each paragraph is indented	Traditional handwritten-style format	Informal letters and personal correspondence	Creates a relaxed, personal feel suitable for friendly or casual communication

Rama's Journey: A Retelling of the Ramayana

 

Long ago in the kingdom of Ayodhya, there lived a prince named Rama. He was known throughout the land for his wisdom, courage, and kindness. The people admired him, and many believed he would one day become a great king.

Rama lived with his wife, Sita, whom

he loved dearly. He also shared a close bond with his loyal brother, Lakshmana. Their lives were peaceful until a series of events changed their future. Just before Rama was to be crowned king, his stepmother asked the king to fulfill a promise he had made long ago. She requested that her own son become king and that Rama be sent away from the kingdom for fourteen years.

Although the decision saddened him, Rama accepted it without anger. He believed that honoring his father's word was more important than claiming the throne. Sita and Lakshmana chose to accompany him into exile, and together they left the palace and journeyed into the forest. For many years, they lived a simple life among trees, rivers, and mountains. They faced hardships, but they remained united.

One day, their peaceful life was disturbed by Ravana, the powerful king of Lanka. Ravana had heard of Sita's beauty and became determined to take her for himself. Using deception, Ravana lured Rama and Lakshmana away from their shelter. While they were gone, he kidnapped Sita and carried her across the sea to his island kingdom.

When Rama returned and discovered that Sita was missing, he was overcome with grief. Yet he refused to lose hope. Determined to rescue her, he began a long search that would lead him on the greatest adventure of his life.

Along the way, Rama formed an alliance with a kingdom of vanaras, or monkey warriors. Among them was Hanuman, a brave and devoted warrior whose strength and loyalty became legendary. Hanuman volunteered to search for Sita. With a mighty leap, he crossed the ocean and reached Lanka. There he found Sita imprisoned in a beautiful garden guarded by Ravana's soldiers. Hanuman delivered Rama's message and assured Sita that help was on the way. Before leaving, he demonstrated his courage by challenging Ravana's forces and returning safely to Rama with news of Sita's location. Upon hearing Hanuman's report, Rama gathered his allies and prepared for battle. The monkey warriors worked together to build a bridge across the sea so that the army could reach Lanka. Soon, a great war began. Warriors fought bravely on both sides. The conflict tested the courage, loyalty, and determination of everyone involved.

Rama eventually faced Ravana in battle. Ravana was a powerful ruler with many strengths, but his pride and selfish desires had led him down the wrong path. After a fierce struggle, Rama defeated Ravana and brought an end to the war. The people of Lanka were freed from fear, and Sita was finally reunited with her husband. With the fourteen years of exile completed, Rama, Sita, and Lakshmana returned to Ayodhya. The people welcomed them with joy and celebration. Rama was crowned king, and peace returned to the kingdom. His journey became a symbol of courage, loyalty, sacrifice, and the triumph of good over evil.

For generations, people have shared the story of Rama's journey. Through his trials and victories, the Ramayana continues to teach lessons about duty, perseverance, and the importance of doing what is right even in difficult circumstances.

Reference

The Ramayana and Mahabharata translated by Romesh C. Dutt

A Glimpse of ANNE FRANK's Diary

 Anne Frank is one of the personalities in literature among many others that is etched in my memory since high school, though a bit vague, since we didn't really dig in that deep into her work. Or could be I wasn't paying attention that much, or my memory isn't that reliable. Either way, I remember her name and a glimpse of her diary. I remember that my literature teacher told us that she wrote the diary in hiding because it was WORLD WAR 2. 

Now that I have grown into a fully ripe adult, going back into that memory is not enough. So I have to answer the questions running in my head:

1. How old was Anne when she wrote the diary?

    Anne was 13 years old when she wrote her diary onto a checkered notebook gifted to her on her birthday.

2. Why did she address her entries to "Kitty"?

    She wanted her diary to be a friend and not just any piece of paper bound together filled with teenage musings.

3. How did the diary survive and eventually got famous?

    The diary was retrieved by two of the Frank family supporters. They then gave it to Otto Frank, Anne's father, when he finally returned from the concentration camp. Otto then went to extreme lengths to get his daughter's work published.

__________________________________________

Diary Entry: September 21, 1942

"Dear Kitty,

Now that I'm writing to you regularly, I like the idea more and more. 
It's so strange, but when I write, I feel as if I'm talking to a friend, 
a very close friend who understands everything. 

I'm going to start from now on by writing down everything that comes into my head, without worrying about whether it's silly or not. Up until now, I've just written things down as they happened, 
but from today on, I want to write letters. It's much nicer, and it feels 
as if someone is actually listening to me.

Yours, Anne"

                           __________________________________________

 

This specific text is considered part of "Version A" (her original, unedited diary entries)

before she began rewriting it into "Version B" for future publication.

You can learn more about how her father compiled these versions into

the book we read today directly on the

Anne Frank House overview of her complete works

Frank, A. (1995). The diary of a young girl: The definitive edition 

(O. H. Frank & M. Pressler, Eds.; S. Massotty, Trans.). Doubleday. 

(Original work published 1947).

PROM SPEECHES | Viva La Quinceañera

   BEQUEATHAL CEREMONY SPEECHES

Los Tesoros de la Quinceañera

SYMBOL	BEQUEATHING SPEECH PASSING THE SYMBOL - G10	ACCEPTANCE SPEECH RECEIVING THE SYMBOL - G9
Llave del Nuevo Camino  (Key to a New Path) 🔑	Meaning: The power to lead, make wise choices, and embrace new responsibilities. How to Write: Reflect on the responsibilities you embraced in Grade 10. Share lessons learned, and inspire Grade 9 to take on their new roles with courage and integrity. Starter: "Tonight, we present the Llave del Nuevo Camino -  Key to a New Path, a symbol that true leadership is not in holding authority, but in serving others with courage, wisdom, and dedication..." (Add a sentence or two to form your speech.) Spanish Closer: (Say this at the end of your speech.) ¡Siempre con Corazón! (Always with heart.)	Meaning: Readiness to take on new roles, challenges, and responsibilities. How to Write: Express gratitude for this honor and your commitment to uphold the duties entrusted to you. Starter: "We gratefully accept the Llave del Nuevo Camino - Key to a New Path, understanding that stepping forward means embracing responsibility, learning from those who came before us, and walking with integrity and courage..." (Add a sentence or two to form your speech.) Spanish Closer: (Say this at the end of your speech.) ¡Hacia Nuevos Horizontes! (Towards new horizons)
Ancla del Corazón Valiente  (Anchor of the Brave Heart)  ⚓	Meaning: Staying steadfast even in difficult times. How to Write: Share how hope helped your batch overcome struggles. Inspire Grade 9 to persevere and remain resilient in the face of challenges. Starter: "We bequeath to you the Ancla del Corazon Valiente - Anchor of Hope, a symbol of resilience that reminds us to stand firm even in the strongest storms..." (Add a sentence or two to form your speech.) Spanish Closer: (Say this at the end of your speech.) ¡Siempre con coraje! (Always with courage)	Meaning: Strength in adversity. How to Write: Promise to carry this hope forward and support one another, demonstrating courage and steadfastness. Starter: "With gratitude, we receive the Ancla del Corazon Valiente -  Anchor of Hope, a promise that no matter the challenges ahead, we will remain steadfast..." (Add a sentence or two to form your speech.) Spanish Closer: (Say this at the end of your speech.) ¡Con fuerza y esperanza! (With strength and hope)
Semilla de los Sueños (Seed of Dreams) 🌱	Meaning: Growth takes time; patience leads to success. How to Write: Reflect on the patience and small steps needed to reach this point. Inspire Grade 9 to nurture their dreams and persist toward their goals. Starter: "We entrust to you the Semilla de los Sueños -  Seed of Dreams, a symbol of steady growth and unwavering perseverance, reminding us that every small effort today blooms into the achievements of tomorrow..." (Add a sentence or two to form your speech.) Spanish Closer: (Say this at the end of your speech.) ¡Siempre con esperanza! ( Always with hope)	Meaning: Commitment to personal and academic growth. How to Write: Pledge to nurture patience, work diligently, and care for your dreams as they grow. Starter: "We accept the Semilla de los Sueños - Seed of Dreams, knowing that true achievement comes not from haste, but from persistence and dedication, and that every effort we make today shapes the success of tomorrow..." (Add a sentence or two to form your speech.) Spanish Closer: (Say this at the end of your speech.) ¡Hacia la Luz! (Towards the light)
Libro de los Recuerdos y Lecciones (Book of Memories and Lessons) 📖	Meaning: Education is a lifelong journey. How to Write: Acknowledge how knowledge shaped your batch, including lessons from experiences and challenges. Encourage Grade 9 to seek wisdom beyond textbooks and to value learning in every form. Starter: "This Libro de los Recuerdos y Lecciones - Book of Memories and Lessons holds not just classroom teachings, but the wisdom of experience, curiosity, and the many lessons we have learned together throughout our journey..." (Add a sentence or two to form your speech.) Spanish Closer: (Say this at the end of your speech.) ¡Siempre con corazón y esperanza! (Always with heart and hope)	Meaning: Dedication to learning and personal growth. How to Write: Commit to valuing education, continuing the pursuit of knowledge, and using what you learn to make a positive impact. Starter: "We receive the Libro de los Recuerdos y Lecciones - Book of Memories and Lessons with open hearts, ready to continue the journey of discovery, growth, and enlightenment, embracing every opportunity to learn and make a difference..." (Add a sentence or two to form your speech.) Spanish Closer: (Say this at the end of your speech.) ¡Con fuerza y esperanza!” (With strength and hope)
Corona de los Logros  (Crown of Achievements) 👑	Meaning: Achievement is earned through effort and perseverance. How to Write: Reflect on the triumphs and challenges your batch faced. Inspire Grade 9 to strive for their own victories and uphold excellence in all they do. Starter: "The Crown of Achievements is not just a symbol, but a reminder that every victory is built upon hard work, dedication, and perseverance throughout our journey..." Spanish Closer: (Say this at the end of your speech.) ¡Siempre con esperanza! (Always with hope)	Meaning: Determination to achieve goals and uphold excellence. How to Write: Express gratitude for the symbolic crown and commit to striving for personal excellence, working hard to reach goals. Starter: "We accept the Crown of Achievements, not as a mere decoration, but as a challenge to push ourselves toward greatness, knowing that perseverance and dedication lead to true success..." Spanish Closer: (Say this at the end of your speech.) ¡Con fuerza y esperanza! (With strength and hope)
Rueda del Esfuerzo  (Wheel of Effort) ⚙️	Meaning: Hard work and perseverance drive progress. How to Write: Share how your batch overcame struggles through dedication and teamwork. Inspire Grade 9 to embrace diligence and remain committed to their goals. Starter: "We pass on to you the Rueda del Esfuerzo - Wheel of Effort, a symbol of unwavering determination and the power of perseverance, reminding us that every step forward requires dedication and focus..." Spanish Closer: (Say this at the end of your speech.)  ¡Con fuerza hacia el mañana! (With strength toward tomorrow)	Meaning: Commitment to diligence and perseverance. How to Write: Promise to work hard, remain focused, and carry forward the values of perseverance in all endeavors. Starter: "We receive the Rueda del Esfuerzo - Wheel of Effort with the promise that we will work tirelessly, never losing sight of our dreams, and always striving to achieve our goals through determination..." Spanish Closer: (Say this at the end of your speech.)  ¡Con valor y constancia! (With courage and perseverance)
Antorcha del Futuro Brillante (Torch of a Bright Future) 🔥	Meaning: Wisdom guides and illuminates the path for others. How to Write: Explain that wisdom is not just knowledge, but discernment and understanding. Urge Grade 9 to use wisdom in their journey and inspire others. Starter: "The Antorcha del Futuro Brillante - Torch of a Bright Future we pass to you is not just a light, but a guide to making choices that uplift, inspire, and illuminate the path for others..." Spanish Closer: (Say this at the end of your speech.)  ¡Siempre iluminados! (Always illuminated)	Meaning: Readiness to seek and apply wisdom. How to Write: Promise to carry the torch, use wisdom in decisions, and lead with integrity. Starter: "We accept the Antorcha del Futuro Brillante - Torch of a Bright Future, knowing that knowledge without wisdom is empty, and true learning lies in how we use what we know to guide ourselves and others..." Spanish Closer: (Say this at the end of your speech.)  ¡Con luz propia! (With our own light)