TYPES OF EVIDENCE USED IN ARGUMENTATIVE TEXTS

In reading and writing, strong arguments are built on evidence. However, not all evidence carries the same weight or serves the same purpose. Some evidence is based on facts, while others come from opinions, experiences, or expert claims.

TYPES OF EVIDENCE BY SOURCE

Not all evidence has the same strength. Some evidence is highly reliable because it is based on data or verified sources, while others are weaker because they are based on opinions or personal experiences. 

Type of Evidence	Most Effective Way to Use It in an Argument	Best Use in Writing
Self-evidence Generally accepted facts or widely known truths	Use as a foundation or starting point to build an argument	Opening statements, background information, establishing common understanding
Anecdotal evidence Personal stories or experiences	Use to make ideas relatable and emotionally engaging, but not as main proof	Supporting examples, introductions, illustrations of a point
Authority evidence Claims from experts or credible organizations	Use to strengthen credibility and support claims with trusted voices	Supporting arguments, reinforcing claims, validating ideas
Empirical evidence Data, research, observation, or experiments	Use as the strongest support for proving claims and convincing readers	Main supporting evidence in arguments, research-based justification

 

The Structure of Argumentative Texts

 Informational texts like argumentative texts are organized in a clear way to help writers present and support their ideas effectively. They usually begin with a claim, followed by reasons and evidence that support the claim. Some texts also include a counterclaim to show an opposing view, and end with a conclusion that restates the main idea and strengthens the argument.

This structure helps readers easily understand the writer’s position and follow how the argument is developed.

HOW IDEAS ARE DEVELOPED IN ARGUMENTATIVE TEXTS

Argumentative texts develop ideas by presenting important points, supporting them with details, and connecting them to real-world issues. Understanding how these elements work together helps readers follow the writer’s reasoning and recognize why the argument matters in society.

The Sender's Voice in Transactional Texts

 Writers make intentional choices in how they express themselves in letters. These choices shape how a message is received and understood by the reader. 

In transactional communication, this is known as the SENDER’S VOICE, which includes diction, style, tone and register, point of view, and sentence structure.	Letters use tone and style to sound appropriate  Letters follow clear structure and organization  Writers use word choice and sentence structure to communicate meaning All these are already being talked about in the previous lessons and units. Could you recall what they are?
What makes a letter clear, appropriate, and effective for its reader?

Structure of a Formal Correspondence

 Here are the parts of a formal letter using the context of a transactional text particularly a letter of complaint.

Aside from the parts of a letter, writers also follow different LETTER FORMAT STYLES to organize how a letter looks on the page. These format styles affect the alignment of text, paragraph structure, and overall presentation of the message.

Different situations require different formats. Formal letters usually follow structured and professional layouts, while informal letters may use more relaxed and traditional styles. Understanding these formats helps writers present their messages clearly, appropriately, and in a way that matches their purpose and audience.

Format Style	Description	Key Feature	Types of Letters Used	Role / Purpose of the Format
Block Style	All parts of the letter are aligned to the left margin	No indentation; clean, straight layout	Formal letters (complaints, business letters, applications, requests)	Ensures clarity, professionalism, and easy reading in official communication
Semi-Block Style	Paragraphs are indented, but other parts are left-aligned	Mix of block alignment and indentation	Formal and semi-formal letters	Balances readability and traditional formatting; still professional but less rigid
Indented Style	First line of each paragraph is indented	Traditional handwritten-style format	Informal letters and personal correspondence	Creates a relaxed, personal feel suitable for friendly or casual communication